10/1/2020 0 Comments Abstract Vs IntroductionAbstract Vs Introduction Craft a strong opening sentence that can have interaction the reader. Just since you’re writing an academic research paper doesn’t imply you have to be dry and boring. Below you will discover a few most essential tips about writing a powerful introduction, partaking the reader and arising interest of the viewers. On contrary, a concise and correctly structured introduction will certainly make the readers notice your writing and analytical abilities, and make them need to go on studying. You need to write down a thesis assertion, when you're engaged on the outline. An define will help you organize your ideas before you dig into the writing process. Once you’ve developed your thesis statement, take into consideration the details you’ll have to present to help that statement. Now, arrange your thoughts and data underneath every sub-heading. Consider who the paper is aimed toward informing, after which think of one thing that might grab their consideration. First of all, make sure to actually begin with the introduction. The finest way to get started if you lack data or concepts on writing an introduction is to learn about it on-line. Following tips of skilled writers and tutors it is possible for you to to create an impressive work, which received’t go away anybody indifferent. It isn't a secret that most people choose a guide by the cover, so if you want your analysis paper to be learn from A to Z, you will need to write a robust introduction in research paper. What further questions had been generated from this examine? When incorporating references into your intro, you don't essentially need to explain each single research in complete element, notably if different research use comparable methodologies. Certainly you wish to summarize briefly key articles, although, and level out differences in methods or findings of relevant studies when necessary. It ought to be obvious to the reader why you’re together with a reference with out your explicitly saying so. DO NOT quote from the articles, as a substitute paraphrase by putting the knowledge in your individual phrases. Here’s where you present the background and context for the remainder of your article. What further research should be performed on the topic? What gaps are there within the current body of research? Whenever you current an idea for a future analysis examine, make sure to explain why you assume that particular study ought to be performed. The Method section of an APA-type paper is the most straightforward to write down, but requires precision. Your aim is to describe the small print of your research in such a way that one other researcher could duplicate your methods exactly. In such a method, you will be able to know what arguments and sources to use. These few sentences could predetermine the entire course of your future work. As any book or film, introduction aims to set the background and give your assignment a sure context, permitting the reader to see how your work complements previous researches on the same topic. It is important to offer the reader a good overview of the historical context of the difficulty you might be writing about, however do not really feel like you have to present an exhaustive review of the subject. Focus on hitting the details, and try to embody the most relevant research. You might describe the findings of previous research and then clarify how the current study differs or expands upon earlier research. The second task of your introduction is to offer a well-rounded abstract of earlier research that's relevant to your topic. So, earlier than you begin to put in writing this abstract, you will need to research your subject totally. Not each student can boast writing skills, so there may be absolutely nothing incorrect in searching for tips online. If you lack time or don’t wish to threat your grades, Assignmentpay.com experts are always there to help. Place an order, offering us with specific tips and obtain a flawless research paper introduction before the indicated deadline. If you're having trouble placing together a good introduction, begin with a placeholder. That placeholder doesn't must be as robust as you would like it to be, however you possibly can at all times come back to it and edit it. Any info that doesn’t fit within the framework of your outline, and doesn’t instantly assist your thesis assertion, irrespective of how interesting, doesn’t belong in your research paper. Keep your focus slender and avoid the kitchen sink method.
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9/30/2020 0 Comments Examples Of AbstractsExamples Of Abstracts Drawing on the work of André Bazin and Mikhail Bakhtin, this paper will argue that narrative voice cannot, in fact, be separated from the images created by these two films. This paper will examine the picture-making use of voice-over narration in every film. Together these two movies supply an attention-grabbing, and ironic, means to explore the distinction, articulated by Bakhtin, between the sacerdotal author and the writer, who makes an attempt to make that means that isn't foreordained. Two of the most authentic French movies of 1950, Melville'sLes Enfants Terriblesand Bresson'sJournal d'un curé de campagnewere variations of widely read novels. Although very different, each movie bears the hint of its novelistic supply within the form of voice-over narration. This paper will examine the use of narrative voice in these two movies. The following summary is from a professional academic conference. It and others are posted on theKentucky Foreign Language Conference site. Dr. Alyssa Colton has a Ph.D. in English from the University at Albany, State University of New York . She has taught and worked with college students of all ranges and backgrounds on writing expertise for 20 years. She is a freelance writer and editor specializing in science, health, productiveness and profession development. Many readers often don’t read previous the summary, so you want to give them a transparent snapshot of not solely what your analysis was about but additionally what you determined. In order to make it a success, you will must do plenty of analysis tips on how to write it in a correct means. Purdue’s OWL , which offers extensive common tutorial writing advice, also presents help with abstract writing. Summarize the examine, together with the next parts in any summary. However, they level out the first arguments and proof, outcomes, conclusions, and suggestions with a 300-word count limit. Basically, an informative summary presents a extra detailed description than the descriptive summary. Firstly, descriptive abstracts are roughly a hundred and fifty words. They explain the analysis being summarized by mentioning the purpose, strategies, and scope without providing any judgments in regards to the findings. In this case, the dearth of an opinion regarding the research is the unique high quality of descriptive abstracts. Then, there are 4 forms of abstracts, similar to descriptive, important, informative, and highlight sections. Try to keep the first two gadgets to no more than one sentence each. Please be sure to havea sentence or two at the finish of your abstract that describes the significance of your project in your area, or the impression it had on your lab, or what your results were and why they matter. This is one of the most essential elements of the summary, and we is not going to publish it if that is missing. Deceptively shorter than the original work, abstracts additionally might even be tougher to conceptualize because of the exigency of compacting thoughts into shorter sentences. The last section draws a sound conclusion drawn from the info in the earlier part and may also comprise suggestions for motion or further analysis. It is very important for potential readers as a result of your conclusion can turn out to be the reply to the quite a few questions, or even make a discovery in sure spheres. A analysis paper could include practical experiments, case studies or questionnaires (e.g. advertising polling) to construct the empirical and statistical foundations of its thesis. The sort and diploma of usage of concise or of all methods described within the particular analysis paper are mentioned on this section of an summary. Remember, that there are word limits, which you should follow. Long thought-about suspect in a medium that is supposed to relate stories primarily with photographs, voice-over narration has gained acceptance by current movie scholars. However, the venerable distinction between word and picture remains virtually unquestioned. If you are writing an informative summary, you are to explain the outcomes of your research. You briefly describe what you've found out in the midst of your analysis and how your argument was supported . Then, informative abstracts are much like the descriptive ones. Results – Briefly explain and summarize the examine’s main findings and/or what could be done with these results as soon as the info is collected or the project accomplished. Problem Statement – What downside or query does your analysis handle? Unlike the “inverted pyramid” method you might comply with in a longer paper, the analysis objective in an summary ought to be acknowledged up entrance and could be as short as one concise sentence. There are extra query marks in the introduction, whereas the abstract suggests the results. Methodological features and numerous guidelines together with idiomatic requirements and other rules can turn out to be an irresistible obstacle.
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Violence of mass Media Essay The research involves the study of possible relationships between violence and mass media. In the study, a sample frame was obtained in order to be tested utilizing four different tests, which validates and determines possible relationships between violence and media, media preferences and age violent behavior occurrence, empathy and gender variations, and time commitment against violence. The research results obtained show increasingly violent behavior among males than females. The commitment time of males manifesting violent behavior is higher as compared to females. Moreover, the preferences of these respondents that manifest such behavioral pattern are noted to generally prefer violent media forms, most prominently, television and movie showing violent acts. Violence of Mass Media: Introductory (MINI ESSAY) Most of the public concern and scientific study of the perceived violent reality of media centers around the effects of viewing televised violence. The effect that many think of first is modeling, when people imitate violent behavior that they see on television. The research on the different effects has been driven by diverse theoretical frameworks for example, studies of behavioral effects have most often been driven by social learning/cognitive theory, and studies of attitudinal effects often draw on behavioral imitation (Wells and Ernest, 1997 p. 227). The following section examines several different effects of media violence in turn and the evidence supporting each of them. Technological advances have dramatically increased the availability of violent entertainment. The introduction of television was critical, particularly in making violent entertainment more available to children. More recently, cable systems, videocassette recorders, and video games have increased exposure (Singer and Singer, 2001 p. 372). (Preiss, 2007 p. 153). The research approaches the study of media violence in this study by looking at the various effects of the violent view of the world presented in media. This study of the perceived reality of media violence focuses on the psychological processes involved and the weight of the evidence supporting the existence of those effects (Wells and Ernest, 1997 p. 229). Later in the study, the research looks at individual differences among those who are attracted to or repelled by media violence and longitudinal studies probing for long-term effects. Next, the study will look at one of the newest areas of concern, violent video games. Finally, the study addresses the question of what may be done to provide balance to this violent perceived reality and thus mitigate the negative effects of media violence. Violence of Mass Media Introduction Although humans have used violence in cautionary tales to teach the lessons of morality in almost every culture and historical era, the teaching has usually been closely tied to the tale. Active discussion of the moral points seems to be necessary for the lesson to “take. †Thus, many adults and children who watch cautionary violence television programs by themselves may fail to make the desired moral connection. Instead, they learn the lesson of ‘Instrumentality,†the lesson that violence can be used as an effective instrument to get something of value or to compel others to do one’s bidding (Wells and Ernest, 1997 p. 231). Perhaps literature has always been bloody, hut even the fastest and most dedicated reader cannot make it through a printed description of more than a few murders a day by reading Shakespeare, Mickey Spillane, and Norman Mailer. A look at 4 hours of prime-time television, or a couple of rental videotape movies can easily provide several times as many deaths, maiming, rapes, and beatings as could be encountered in the same amount of time spent reading periodicals and books. The amount of violence is not the only factor of importance in the impact of television and movie experience. These moving image media, with their close depictions of what individuals can see and hear, are much more engaging of our sensory attention than is the reading of abstract symbols on paper, which must be translated and reconstructed into an approximation of sensory experience. What the study must now examine is whether the large volume and sensory increase of 20th-Century media violence, especially movies and television, has actually caused people to do more violence than they otherwise may have done. Methodology Sample Frame The sample frame utilized in the study involves 150 respondents from elementary schools as well as daycare centers within the locale of midstream city. Based on the inclusion criteria, the elementary schools recruited possess a private orientation, with religious inclination to Catholicism as the basic moral ground, while the daycare center should be networked with private school. As with the gender division of the sample size, 82 boys and 68 girls from grades 4 and 5, with an average age of 9. 99 (s. d. =0. 74). In terms of the racial criteria of the samples involved, European American comprises 58% while African American is 24%, providing the picture of the community. Data Gathering Procedure In the data gathering procedures, the study utilized a form of four different questionnaires with order counterbalanced. The following details inquired through the questionnaires are the demographic information, which includes gender, age, grade and mother’s education, preferences on forms of media utilization, survey forms of real-life violence through Attitudes Towards Violence Scale: Child Version (ATVC), appraisal of the respondents’ characters towards violence through KID-screen for adolescent violence exposure (KID-SAVE); and lastly, the extent of the sample’s empathy through Children’s empathy questionnaire (CEQ). After which, the researchers obtain the favorite form categorization for television as to sports, fighting, destruction, real people, or no favorites. On the form of internet, the respondents are categorized according to their preferences, such as chat room, instant messages, video games, no favorite internet activities and no access to internet. Review of Related Literature Moat American families bought their first television set during the early to mid-1950s. As more and more homes had television sets and more and more people began to watch on a regular basis, scholars began to study this new phenomenon, and the first studies about television content were published (Head, 1954; Smythe, 1954; cited in Well and Ernest, 1997 p. 262). Moreover, the first congressional hearings about television, focusing particularly on television violence, were convened in 1954. Research on television content and its effects was particularly stimulated by the forces that affected the United States during the late 1960s, notably national turmoil, civil rights and the women’s movement. Two national commissions were appointed to uncover the dynamics of these Forces on society. In essence, the agendas of these commissions set the stage for early and ongoing research on media images. The national turmoil that rocked the country after the assassinations of Martin Luther King Jr. and Bobby Kennedy stimulated concern about violence in society and in the media. The National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence (NCCPV) was appointed to examine violence in society, including violence on television, and commissioned one study to ascertain the amount of violence on television (Gerbner, 1969; cited in Preiss, 2007 p. 162). Continued national unrest, as well as concerns about television’s impact on Americans, further encouraged researchers to pursue this line of study. Financial assistance was also provided by increased government funding for research about television violence inn 1969, even before the report of the NCCPV released. Congress appropriated 1$ million and set up the Surgeon General’s Scientific Advisory Committee on Television and Social Behavior and this committee funded 23 projects, dealing primarily with violence on television and its effects (Gerbner, 1972; Surgeon Generals Scientific Advising Committee, 1972; cited in Wells and Ernest, 1997 p. 232). Although interest in television violence faded somewhat during the 1960s, congressional concern about media violence again increased during the 1990, culminating in the development of ratings for television programs and the V-chip technology. Concern with civil rights, during the late 1960s and early 1970s, contributed to the proliferation of studies on minority images. The Kerner Commission, appointed by President Johnson to investigate racial disturbances in many US. cities, charged this these disturbances could be traced, in part, to the U. S (Preiss, 2007 p. 158). There have been few investigations into the effects of print media violence. The most extensive investigation, 1w the Canadian Royal Commission on Violence in the Communications Industry†in 1977, reported details of the amount of violence in print media but made no contributions to our understanding of what violence-causing effects may stem from reading violent material (Royal Commission, 1977; cited in Preiss, 2007 p. 156). Most likely for reason’ previously discussed—less intensity and less of it—violence in books, newspapers and magazines has been of less concern to citizens. An exception was violence in comic books, which became a political issue in the United States in 1954. At the time, comic books were read avidly by many young boys. Today, they read comic books less and spend more time with television. Despite their name, comic books were largely not funny at all; they were violent and tended to emphasize the violent heroism of characters with whom the children could identify. However, many comic books glorified criminals and their brutality. Congressional hearings were held which, in turn, resulted in the comic hook industry adopting self-censorship of violence in a successful effort to head off passage of laws, which would have imposed government restrictions. The evidence that comic books actually did bring young readers to using violence and committing crimes was drawn from the collective experience of law enforcement officers and psychiatric workers (Berkowitz, 1973; cited in (Wells and Ernest, 1997 p. 233). In one such instance, teen-age boys in Boston doused with gasoline and set on fire a down-and-out, liquor-dazed man they found. There was no apparent motive other than to try out what they had seen on a television program (Singer and Singer, 2001 p. 370). Another example is the batch of imitative suicides that have occurred following television and theater showings of the movie The Deer Hunter, in which a scene occurs showing a man with a pistol playing—and losing—a game of Russian Roulette (Wells and Ernest, 1997 p. 232). According to Huesmann and Taylor (2006), media violence poses an eventual threat to the public social equilibrium significantly through the influence of violence and aggression. According to their study, fictional television and film violence contribute to both a short-term and a long-term increase in aggression and violence in young viewers. According to the research conducted by Browne and Hamilton-Giachritsis (2005), there has been frequent evidence that suggest the linkage of child violent behavioral acts, and the incidence and frequency of violent media exposure. Such media forms induce arousal, thought influence, and emotional deviations, which consequently increases the likelihood of aggression and fearful behavioral patterns, most especially in males (Preiss, 2007 p. 162). The presence of prosocial effects is undeniable. Very few people who enjoy television and movies containing violence feel that they are endangered by it, and appear most willing to take any risks. However, it would be incorrect to conclude that violence needs to be present in entertainment in order to be of interest to people. The television and film industry has merely used violent action as a reliable and inexpensive means of attracting a certain level of viewer interest in otherwise very repetitive stories (Singer and Singer, 2001 p. 368). Thus, “action†and production values†(which is to say, violent action), is regularly added to scripts to make them more attractive. Nevertheless, research on college students indicates that violence, itself, is not what they are interested in so much as in the quality of action and story associated with the violence (Preiss, 2007 p. 161). Unfortunately, media executives find it difficult to accommodate such interests. The high quality of writing needed to create stories, which can stand on their own without the addition of violence is very costly. There are only a limited number of writers, whose skill is great enough to provide consistently attractive nonviolent stories. Station and network program decision makers generally take what they consider to be the safe path of “plenty of action and production values†in order to assure that their programs will attract the teen-age and young adult audience members greatly desired by advertisers of consumer products (Wells and Ernest, 1997 p. 233). Berkowitz and his co-researchers have also established that the violence present in abundance in films such as Straw Dogs and Walking Tail especially influences viewers to act violently, for the film violence is presented as the solution to outrages perpetrated by others. Revenge and justification are extremely potent factors in determining whether violence will occur. If an aroused person who has freedom of action then encounters violence on a television screen, the violence may act as a potent cue to draw forth her own violence, to the degree that what is shown on screen resembles and pulls into memory previous occasions on which she used violence (U. S. Senate Committee on Commerce, 1972; cited in Singer and Singer, 2001 p. 368). Tannenbaum and Zillmann (1975; cited in Singer and Singer, 2001 p. 367) demonstrated how arousal may be reshaped, in a very dramatic way. After arousing college males by showing them very sexy pictures, they found that whether the men subsequently tried to accomplish sexual or violent behavior depended on the cues that were presented to them. In other words, a person may be aroused by something sexual, watch a murder on television, and become violent instead of erotic (Singer and Singer, 2001 p. 367). Thus, there is a potential link between sex and subsequent violence that may be activated by television and film violence cues. Findings After calculating the means and standard deviations of the results from KID-SAVE, ATVC and CEQ obtained form the samples, a series of t-tests was applied to scrutinize the gender variations on the Frequency and Impact Total scales of the KID-SAVE, the ATVC Total, and the CEQ Total. Such analysis revealed gender differences on the KID-SAVE Frequency Total scale, t(148) = 2. 71, p0. 01. Boys were reported to be in a higher stakes of violent behaviors, although no significant gender variations were found on the KID-SAVE Impact Total scale. On the other hand, the analysis on boys and girls’ ATVC and CEQ Total scales, t (148) = 2. 62, p0. 05, and t(148) = -3. 72, p0. 01, revealed significant differences; gender differences from these two tests indicate that boys have higher tendencies for violent behaviors, while girls have higher behavioral tendencies for empathy. Indices of multicollinearity were examined and no problems were identified. After which, regression analyses were initiated to determine the probabilities of real-life violence from the data of Total Frequency and Total Impact scales of the KIDSAVE, exposure to the four indicators of media violence (video game, television, movies, and Internet) and the total CEQ score. From the results of obtained, it revealed that individual variations increase the probabilities of negative impact from violent video games. Considering the latter conclusion, 17 girls playing violent games are reported to demonstrate frequent negative behavior. From the said respondents, the manifestation of negative behavior maybe more prominent due to norm violation present (Funk Buchman, 1996a). Considering other media forms presented to the respondents, the results show that movie violence is the most prominent influence. On the other hand, the manifestations of negative behavior have been linked to the increased time commitment and content of movie being watched (Anderson, Huston, Schmitt, Linebarger, Wright, 2001). Time reported may have influenced the failure to find a relationship between television violence exposure and the study variables. Considering the presented categories and gender differences, boys have been reported to devote 5. 6 hours of viewing per week, while girls reported 2. 8 hours weekly. Conclusion In the conclusion of the study, violent behaviors and utilization of mass media showing violent scenes possess a link that induces violent behavioral patterns among viewers. In terms of gender variations, males have been noted to demonstrate violent acts as compared to females. Moreover, males have noted to demonstrate increase time commitment to preferred violent movies, which are also the most preferred media forms, than with females. On the other hand, females are noted to be more emphatic as compared to males. Generally, the research has provided significant relationship between violence and mass media. References Anderson, D. R. , Huston, A. C. , Schmitt, K. L. , Linebarger, D. L. , Wright, J. C. (2001). Early childhood television viewing and adolescentbehavior. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 66 (1, Serial No. 264). Browne , P. D. , Hamilton-Giachritsis , C. (2005, February 19). The influence of violent media on children and adolescents: a public-health approach. The Lancet, 365, 702-710. Funk, J. B. (2004, January). Violence exposure in real-life, video games, television, movies, and the internet: is there desensitization?. Journal of Adolescence, 27, 23–39.
12/27/2019 0 Comments Cost Accounting Essay Example for Free Cost Accounting Essay If you are starting out in a new business, especially a service/manufacturing business, understanding the cost accounting system and which cost accounting system will work best for your company, is the first step to being successful. Once you find someone to help you navigate those waters, let them help you sail the rough seas of direct and indirect inventory, direct and indirect labor costs, and how to allocate factory overhead as well. While it all may sound confusing, having the right person with the right knowledge and advice, can make all the difference to you and the success of your business. We learned in Chapter 19 that cost accounting systems calculate, register, and record product costs. Once these costs have been recorded, administrators and supervising personnel can use these costs for setting their product prices, controlling operations and developing financial statements. These reports can play an important role in the financial decision making process for your company so it is imperative that they are accurate and detailed. There are two different types of cost accounting systems. There are called job order cost systems and process cost systems. While both systems are used by manufacturing companies, the job order cost system is used by companies that manufacture custom products or groups of products that are alike. The process cost system, on the other hand, is chosen by manufacturing companies that make units of a product that are impossible to tell apart and are produced using a continuous production process. Once you have chosen your type of cost accounting system, you will need to know what types of costs that will need to be reported and the difference in those costs. First, you have direct materials cost and indirect materials cost. Direct materials costs are materials that will be used as an essential part of the finished product. For example, for an electrician, direct materials would be receptacles and wiring. To be considered and classified as a direct materials cost, it has to be used as an essential part of the finished product and it has to be a significant portion of the total cost of the finished product. If it does not fit these two requirements, then it is considered an indirect materials cost, or factory overhead cost. “Indirect materials are materials used in the production process, but which cannot be linked to a specific product or job. Alternatively, they may be used in such insubstantial quantities on a per-product basis that it is not worthwhile to track them as direct materials†(Bragg) .An example of an indirect materials cost, or factory overhead cost, for an electrician would be electrical tape and solder. Next, we have direct and indirect labor costs. As with direct materials costs, labor costs must also meet the same two requirements to be labeled direct labor costs. They must be an essential part of the finished product and must be a significant portion of the total cost of the finished product. If they meet these two requirements, these labor costs are considered direct labor costs. If they do not meet these requirements, they are indirect labor costs, or factory overhead costs. The janitor who cleans the building incurs labor costs for the company; however, the janitorial costs are not an essential cost of manufacturing their product. As a result, the janitorial labor costs are indirect labor costs, or factory overhead cost. So what are factory overhead costs and how do you measure and record it? Our textbook describes both in detail. Factory overhead costs are indirect costs of the product. As previously mentioned, these can be materials and labor costs that do not directly enter into the finished product. Some examples include: Heating and lighting the factory Property taxes on factory buildings and land Depreciation on factory plant and equipment Sandpaper, glue, buffing compound Power to run the machines Salaries of production supervisors Because factory overhead costs cannot be directly earmarked to jobs, they are instead, applied to jobs using a common measure related to each job. This common measure is called an activity base. The activity base used to apply overhead should reflect the use of factory overhead costs. Factory overhead costs are usually applied to jobs using a predetermined factory overhead rate computed as follows: Predetermined FactoryEstimated Total Factory Overhead Costs Overhead Rate = Estimated Activity Base For example, if a company estimated a total factory overhead cost of $50,000 for the year and the activity base as 10,000 direct labor hours, a predetermined factory overhead rate of $5 per direct labor hour is computed using the estimated amounts at the beginning of the period. Predetermined factory overhead rated are computed because managers need information about the product cost of each job in a timely manner. With timely information, managers can fine-tune manufacturing methods or product pricing. Remember, during each step of your manufacturing process, identify and record every cost as well as determine whether the costs are direct, indirect, or factory overhead. Keeping up with these costs will help you determine the final cost of each unit and whether or not to make any changes necessary for a more profitable future. Works Cited Bragg, Steven, “What are Indirect Materials?†Questions Answers – Accounting Tools 1 June 2013. Warren, Reeve and Duchac. ACCT 1101 Chapters 18-26 Managerial Accounting. Ohio: Cengage, 2012. Print.
12/12/2019 0 Comments Robert Hughes' Culture of Complaint: the Fraying of American :: Hughes Robert EssaysRobert Hughes' Culture of Complaint: the Fraying of American
Robert Hughes, a native Australian, spent twenty years in the United States and assumed many traits that are typical of Americans before publishing Culture of Complaint: the Fraying of America. His evaluation finds that America is a country more focused on appearance than reality. Americans would rather complain than change. Instead of analyzing the problem of American culture, Hughes attempts to present himself as an ideal critic, scholar, and journalist. He seems more concerned with reputation that academics. Like the work of Alexis de Tocqueville, which has remained the benchmark for the study of American culture since the 1830s, Hughes wants his theories to become widely read and universally accepted. Some of Culture of Complaint is interesting and insightful, however, Hughes comes off as the ‘typical’ American that he chastises in his writing: arrogant, inconsiderate of others, and above all, full of complaints. Hughes overemphasizes America’s infatuation with political correctness, but fails to understand the real issue. It is undeniably true that “no sifting of words is going to reduce the amount of bigotry in this or any other society†(21). However, racist labels are prevalent in American society which remind minority groups of their inferior status. The professional football team in our nation’s capital is called the ‘Redskins.’ This moniker is the result of a politically incorrect past that has not been rectified. Political correctness intends to change the way we label things so that minority groups are not excluded or demeaned. Certainly Hughes would object to calling a rugby team in Australia the ‘Sydney Blackies.’ Hughes was right in understanding that political correctness will not cause dramatic changes, but racism in any form, no matter how small, is bad for society. Regardless, he spends too much time discussing this issue. Political correctness warranted more attention for Hughes than it does in the national media today. It is quite telling that only five years after its publication this material is already outdated. Throughout Hughes’ text the reader is bombarded with the tedious, albeit extensive, litany of his readings. He has “read a lot of books in the last forty-five years, since (he) became a conscious and addicted reader at the age of about nine†(107). However, instead of writing about works he is familiar with, he should write about what he has learned from undertaking this honorable hobby. Robert Hughes' Culture of Complaint: the Fraying of American :: Hughes Robert Essays Robert Hughes' Culture of Complaint: the Fraying of American Robert Hughes, a native Australian, spent twenty years in the United States and assumed many traits that are typical of Americans before publishing Culture of Complaint: the Fraying of America. His evaluation finds that America is a country more focused on appearance than reality. Americans would rather complain than change. Instead of analyzing the problem of American culture, Hughes attempts to present himself as an ideal critic, scholar, and journalist. He seems more concerned with reputation that academics. Like the work of Alexis de Tocqueville, which has remained the benchmark for the study of American culture since the 1830s, Hughes wants his theories to become widely read and universally accepted. Some of Culture of Complaint is interesting and insightful, however, Hughes comes off as the ‘typical’ American that he chastises in his writing: arrogant, inconsiderate of others, and above all, full of complaints. Hughes overemphasizes America’s infatuation with political correctness, but fails to understand the real issue. It is undeniably true that “no sifting of words is going to reduce the amount of bigotry in this or any other society†(21). However, racist labels are prevalent in American society which remind minority groups of their inferior status. The professional football team in our nation’s capital is called the ‘Redskins.’ This moniker is the result of a politically incorrect past that has not been rectified. Political correctness intends to change the way we label things so that minority groups are not excluded or demeaned. Certainly Hughes would object to calling a rugby team in Australia the ‘Sydney Blackies.’ Hughes was right in understanding that political correctness will not cause dramatic changes, but racism in any form, no matter how small, is bad for society. Regardless, he spends too much time discussing this issue. Political correctness warranted more attention for Hughes than it does in the national media today. It is quite telling that only five years after its publication this material is already outdated. Throughout Hughes’ text the reader is bombarded with the tedious, albeit extensive, litany of his readings. He has “read a lot of books in the last forty-five years, since (he) became a conscious and addicted reader at the age of about nine†(107). However, instead of writing about works he is familiar with, he should write about what he has learned from undertaking this honorable hobby. |